This is a list of rulers of Maluku from proto-historical times until the present. The four sultanates of

Ternate Ternate is a city in the Indonesian province of North Maluku and an island in the Maluku Islands. It was the ''de facto'' provincial capital of North Maluku before Sofifi on the nearby coast of Halmahera became the capital in 2010. It is off the we ...

Tidore Tidore ( id, Kota Tidore Kepulauan, lit. "City of Tidore Islands") is a city, island, and archipelago in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, west of the larger island of Halmahera. Part of North Maluku Province, the city includes the island ...

Jailolo Jailolo is a volcanic complex on a peninsula ( Jailolo Bay), west of Halmahera island. It has lava flows on the eastern flank, small caldera at the west and south-west of the mountain, hot springs along the north-west coast of the caldera. Small ...

and

Bacan The Bacan Islands, formerly also known as the Bachans, Bachians, and Batchians, are a group of islands in the Moluccas in Indonesia. They are mountainous and forested, lying south of Ternate and southwest of Halmahera. The islands are administe ...

were considered descendants of a legendary figure called Jafar Sadik and formed a ritual quadripartition. Drawing wealth from the spice production and trade with other parts of Asia, Ternate and Tidore lorded over extensive realms which stretched from

Sulawesi Sulawesi (), also known as Celebes (), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the world's eleventh-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Mindanao and the Sulu Ar ...

to Papua, while Jailolo and Bacan merely had local significance. They fell under

Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Portu ...

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...

influence in the sixteenth century, superseded by

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

impact in the seventeenth century. The sultanates were subordinated to the Dutch colonial state until 1942 when the Japanese occupied Indonesia. After the outbreak of the

Indonesian revolution The Indonesian National Revolution, or the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during postwar and postcoloni ...

they belonged to the Dutch-approved quasi-state

East Indonesia The State of East Indonesia ( id, Negara Indonesia Timur, old spelling: ''Negara Indonesia Timoer'', nl, Oost-Indonesië) was a post–World War II state formed in the eastern half of Dutch East Indies. Established in December 1946, it became ...

from 1946 to 1950 when they were incorporated in the unitary Indonesian state.

Sultans of Bacan

*Muhammad Bakir (c. 1465) on of Jafar Sadik*Zainal Abidin (late 15th century or early 16th century) on*Yusuf (before 1512-c. 1520) *Alauddin I (c. 1520-1557) *Dom João (Hairun) (1557-1577) on*Dom Henrique (1577-1581) on*Alauddin II (1581-c. 1609) on of Dom João*Nurusalat (c. 1609-1649) on*Muhammad Ali (1649-1655) on*Alauddin III (1655-1701) on*''Dutch protectorate 1667-1942/1946'' *Musa Malikuddin (1701-1715)

rother Rother may refer to: General *Rother (surname) (also sometimes spelled Röther) *Rother District, a local government district in East Sussex, England *Rother FM, an independent local radio station for Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England *Rother Kup ...

*Kie Nasiruddin (1715-1732) on of Alauddin II*Hamza Tarafan Nur (1732-1741) ephew*Muhammad Sahaddin (1741-1780) randson of Musa Malikuddin*Skandar Alam (1780-1788) ephew*Muhammad Badaruddin (1788-1797) on of Kie Nasiruddin*Kamarullah (1797-1826) ephew*Muhammad Hayatuddin Kornabé (1826-1861) on*Muhammad Sadik (1862-1889) on*Muhammad Usman (1900-1935) on*Muhammad Muhsin (1935-1983) on*''Incorporation in Indonesian unitary state 1950'' *Muhammad Gahral (titular sultan 1983-2009) on*Muhammad Abdurrahim (titular sultan 2009–present) on

Sultans of Jailolo

Legendary list

*Darajati *Fataruba *Tarakabun *Niru *Yusuf I *Dias *Bantari *Sugi *Hasanuddin *Husain *Yusuf II *Doa (oldest son of Yusuf I; brother of Prince Printah and Prince Gugu Alam) *Gugu Alam (male offspring Yusuf I) *Syah Mardan *Sahunsa *Talabuddin

Historically documented list

*Sultan Yusuf I (before 1514-1530) escendant of Darajati*Kaicil Firuz Alauddin alias Tahubo (1532-1536) on*Sultan Tarkibun alias Katarabumi (1536-1552) ephew of Yusuf*Kaicili Guzarate alias Niru (1552-c. 1560) on*Sultan Kodrat alias Kolano Yusuf II (?-c. 1605) *Sultan Doa (c. 1606-1613) on*Kaicili Saiuddin Raja Buka (?) (1613?-1656) on*Kaicil Alam (Jogugu egentc. 1679-1684) on; married Princess of Ternate*''Rule of Ternate 1656-1797'' *Muhammad Arif Bila (1797-1806) escendant of brother of Sultan Doa; Prince Gugu Alam*''British occupation 1799-1802'' *Muhammad Asgar (1806-1811) on; rule of Ternate*Muhammad Hajuddin Syah (1818-1825; died 1843)

*Muhammad Asgar ('Sultan Ceram' 1825-1832; died 1839) *Dano Baba Hasan (1876-1877) randnephew*''Rule of Ternate 1803-1950'' *Abdulah Harjanto Sjah (titular sultan 2003-2010) escendant of Dano Baba Hasan; rule of Ternate

Rulers of Ternate

Pre-Sultanate rulers

* Cico (king olano1257-1277) *

Poit ''Pinky and the Brain'' is an American Animated series, animated television series that was created by Tom Ruegger that premiered on Kids' WB on September 9, 1995. It was the first animated television series to be presented in Dolby Pro Logic, D ...

(1277-1284) on* Siale (1284-1298) on* Kalabata (1298-1304) on* Komalo (1304-1317) on* Patsaranga-ma-lamo (1317-1322)

* Siding Arif (1322-1331) ephew* Paji-ma-lamo (1331-1332)

* Syah Alam (1332-1343) on of Patsaranga-ma-lamo* Tolu-ma-lamo (1343-1347)

* Boheyat I (1347-1350) on of Siding Arif* Ngolo-ma-Caya (1350-1357)

* Momole (1357-1359)

* Gapi-ma-lamo (1359-1372)

* Gapi Baguna I (1372-1377)

* Komalo Pulu (1377-1432) on of Tolu-ma-lamo* Gapi Baguna II (1432-1465) on* Marhum (1465-1486) on

Sultan

The first known ''Kolano'' (ruler) of

to convert to Islam was Marhum. According to

François Valentijn François () is a French masculine given name and surname, equivalent to the English name Francis. People with the given name * Francis I of France, King of France (), known as "the Father and Restorer of Letters" * Francis II of France, King o ...

's account, Marhum was the son and successor of the seventeenth King Gapi Baguna II (r. 1432-1465), a pre-Islamic ruler of Ternate. His island kingdom was one of the four realms that traditionally existed in North Maluku, the others being

, and

. Reports were told by Javanese traders who came to the island, that native Ternateans were able to read out words from the letters of the

Qur'an The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. It is organized in 114 chapters (pl.: , sing. ...

, it proves that the first tenets of Islam had entered North Molluccan society. The first ruler of Ternate to adopt the title of

Sultan Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it ...

was

Zainal Abidin of Ternate Zainal Abidin (born Tidore Wonge or Gapi Buta) was the eighteenth (or nineteenth) ruler of the Ternate kingdom in Maluku in modern-day Indonesia. His life is only described in sources dating from the 16th century or later. According to these sou ...

, His life is only described in sources dating from the 16th century or later. According to the versions of

's account, Zainal Abidin was the son of Marhum, meanwhile according to Malay Annals like the ''Hikayat Tanah Hitu'' by Rijali (written before 1657 and later adjusted in c. 1700) described that Zainal Abidin was the first Ternate ruler to convert to Islam. Many Muslim Javanese traders frequented Ternate at the time and incited the king to learn more about the new creed, to establish an Islamic governance for his kingdom. In c. 1495, he traveled with his companion Hussein to study Islam in Giri (

Gresik Gresik Regency ( older spelling: Grissee, ) is a regency within East Java Province of Indonesia. As well as a large part of the Surabaya northern and western suburbs, it includes the offshore Bawean Island, some 125 km to the north of Java ...

) on Java's north coast, where

Sunan Giri Sunan Giri (also called Raden Paku or Joko Samudro), Muhammad Ainul Yakin (born 1442 CE in Blambangan (now Banyuwangi) is considered one of the Wali Sanga (revered saints of Islam) of Indonesia. History He was the son of Dewi Sekardadu and ...

kept a well-known

madrasa Madrasa (, also , ; Arabic: مدرسة , pl. , ) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary instruction or higher learning. The word is variously transliterated '' ...

. While there, he won renown as ''Sultan Bualawa'', or Sultan of Cloves. According to the ''Hikayat Tanah Hitu'', Zainal Abidin stopped in

Bima Bima (Indonesia: ''Kota Bima'') is a city on the eastern coast of the island of Sumbawa in central Indonesia's province West Nusa Tenggara. It is the largest city on the island of Sumbawa, with a population of 142,443 at the 2010 census and 155,1 ...

Sumbawa Sumbawa is an Indonesian island, located in the middle of the Lesser Sunda Islands chain, with Lombok to the west, Flores to the east, and Sumba further to the southeast. Along with Lombok, it forms the province of West Nusa Tenggara, but there ...

on his way back to Maluku. He and his crew got into trouble with the local king and a fight took place where a Bimanese wounded Zainal Abidin with his spear. The bodyguards of the ruler brought him back to the ship, though he died on board. The account of François Valentijn, on the contrary, insists that he survived the battle and made it back to Ternate. On his return, he replaced the royal title ''Kolano'' with ''Sultan'', and it may have been now that he adopted the Islamic name Zainal Abidin. He brought back a ''mubaligh'' from Java named Tuhubahahul to propagate the Islamic faith and created a ''Bobato'' (headman) to assist in all matters relating to the rule of Islamic law across the Sultanate. The second ruler of ternate to claim the title of Sultan was

Bayan Sirrullah Bayan Sirrullah (d. 1521) was the second Sultan of Sultanate of Ternate, Ternate in Maluku Islands, Maluku. He is also known as Abu Lais (in Portuguese sources, Boleife) or Kaicili Leliatu. He ruled from perhaps 1500 to 1521, and is important as t ...

, he ruled somewhere around 1500 to 1521 and saw the arrival of Portuguese to the Island of Maluku. Bayan Sirrullah also known as Abu Lais (in Portuguese sources, Boleife), was the eldest son of the first sultan of Ternate, Zainal Abidin.

Islam Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ...

had been accepted by the local elites of

North Maluku North Maluku ( id, Maluku Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It covers the northern part of the Maluku Islands, bordering the Pacific Ocean to the north, the Halmahera Sea to the east, the Molucca Sea to the west, and the Seram Sea to the south. ...

in the second half of the 15th century, as a consequence of the importance of Muslim traders in the archipelago. Under the reign of Baabullah of Ternate,

saw its golden age after Baabullah's victory in defeating the Portuguese. He was commonly known as the ''Ruler of 72 (Inhabited) Islands'' in eastern Indonesia, including most of the

Maluku Islands The Maluku Islands (; Indonesian: ''Kepulauan Maluku'') or the Moluccas () are an archipelago in the east of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located eas ...

, Sangihe and parts of

, with influences as far as

Solor Solor is a volcanic island located off the eastern tip of Flores island in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia, in the Solor Archipelago. The island supports a small population that has been whaling for hundreds of years. They speak the lang ...

, East Sumbawa,

Mindanao Mindanao ( ) ( Jawi: مينداناو) is the second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the island is part of an island group of ...

, and the Papuan Islands. His reign inaugurated a period of free trade in the spices and forest products that gave Maluku a significant role in Asian commerce. Ternate pedigree

The last Sultan of Ternate was Muhammad Usman Syah. Muhammad Usman succeeded to the throne in February 1902 after the death of his father in 1900, and his brother's short period reign. He was arrested and dethroned by the Dutch colonial authorities on 23 September 1915 because of his opposition to the increasing colonial interference in his kingdom and the subsequent minor uprising in

in September 1914, whereby the controleur G.K.B. Agerbeek and Lieutenant C.F. Ouwerling were murdered. The Dutch colonial government later enthroned an honorary sultan of Ternate, Muhammad Jabir in 1929, the sultanate was de facto abolished under the government of

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

around 1949 to 1950. List of Sultans: * Zainal Abidin (1486-1500) on; first sultan *

(1500-1521) on* Boheyat II (1522-1529) on* Dayal (1529-1533; died 1536)

* Tabariji (1533-1535)

* Hairun Jamilu (1535-1570)

* Babullah (1570-1583) on*

Saidi Berkat Sultan Saidi Berkat (c. 1563 – 1628) was the eighth Sultan of Ternate in the Maluku Islands. He succeeded to the extensive east Indonesian realm built up by his father Sultan Babullah, reigning from 1583 to 1606. The Spanish, who colonized the ...

(1583-1606; died 1628) on*

Mudafar Syah I Sultan Mudafar Syah I (b. c. 1595–d. 16 June 1627), also spelt Muzaffar Syah, was the ninth Sultan of Ternate who ruled from 1606 to 1627. He reigned during an important transitional phase, when the Dutch East India Company gained ascendency in ...

(1607-1627) on* Hamza (1627-1648) randson of Hairun Jamilu*

Mandar Syah Sultan Mandar Syah (c. 1625—3 January 1675) was the 11th Sultan of Ternate who reigned from 1648 to 1675. Like his predecessors he was heavily dependent on the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and was forced to comply to Dutch demands to extirpat ...

(1648-1675) on of Muzaffar Syah I* Sibori Amsterdam (1675-1689) on*''Dutch protectorate 1683-1915'' *Said Fatuddin Toloko (1689-1714)

*Kaicili Raja Laut (1714-1751) on*Outhoorn Ayan Syah (1752-1755) on*Amir Iskandar Muda Syah, Syah Mardan (1755-1764)

*Jalaluddin, Kaicili Zwaardekroon (1764-1774)

*Arun Syah (1774-1781)

*Aharal (1781-1796) on*Sarkan (1796-1801) on of Jalaluddin Kaicili Zwaardekroon*Muhammad Jasin (1801-1807) on of Arun Syah*Muhammad Ali (1807-1821; died 1824)

*Sarmole van der Parra (1821-1823)

*Muhammad Zain 1823-1859) on of Muhammad Jasin*Muhammad Arsad (1861-1876) on*Ayanhar (1879-1900) on*Ilham (1900-1902) on* Muhammad Usman (1902-1915; died 1941)

*''Interregnum 1915-1929'' * Iskandar Muhammad Jabir Syah (1929-1975) on*''Incorporation into Indonesian unitary state 1950'' * Mudaffar Sjah II (titular sultan 1986-2015) on*

Sjarifuddin Sjah Sultan Sjarifuddin Sjah (1 August 1933 – 21 May 2019) was the executive (''pelaksana'') Sultan of Ternate, North Maluku, being the 49th monarch of the island. He held the ceremonial but prestigious title after the death of his younger brother ...

(titular sultan 2016-2019)

Kings and Sultans of Tidore

The title of

was first claimed by the former ''Kolano'' (King) of Tidore,

Ciri Leliatu Ciri Leliatu (Ciriliyati) or Sultan Jamaluddin (fl. late 15th/early 16th century) was the first Sultan of Tidore Sultanate, Tidore in Maluku Islands, who reigned at a time when Islam made advances in this part of Indonesia because of contacts brou ...

known later as Sultan Jamaluddin. According to the Malay chronicle of ''Hikayat Ternate'', Ciri Leliatu was the son of Matagena, a Malay lord who expelled his predecessor ''Kolano'' Sele and acquired kingship over the island. According to even later sources, he was descended from a line of Muslim

qadi A qāḍī ( ar, قاضي, Qāḍī; otherwise transliterated as qazi, cadi, kadi, or kazi) is the magistrate or judge of a '' sharīʿa'' court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and mino ...

s and thus started a new royal lineage, and eventually died in Gotowasi village in

Halmahera Halmahera, formerly known as Jilolo, Gilolo, or Jailolo, is the largest island in the Maluku Islands. It is part of the North Maluku province of Indonesia, and Sofifi, the capital of the province, is located on the west coast of the island. Hal ...

. He is nevertheless counted among the pre-Islamic rulers. Matagena's son was Ciri Leliatu, also called Ciriliyati, who succeeded to the ''Kolano''-ship in the late 15th century. An Arab called Syekh Mansur came to Tidore and converted him to Islam, whereby he received the Islamic name Sultan Jamaluddin. The eldest son of the king was named after the preacher, and later succeeded his father as Sultan

al-Mansur Abū Jaʿfar ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad al-Manṣūr (; ar, أبو جعفر عبد الله بن محمد المنصور‎; 95 AH – 158 AH/714 CE – 6 October 775 CE) usually known simply as by his laqab Al-Manṣūr (المنصور) w ...

. Al-Mansur was, according to later historical tradition, the son of the first Muslim ruler of Tidore,

. He was named after Syekh Mansur, an Arab who persuaded his father to convert to Islam. As he later told Spanish visitors, his father had been killed during a journey to

Buru Island Buru (formerly spelled Boeroe, Boro, or Bouru) is the third largest island within the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. It lies between the Banda Sea to the south and Seram Sea to the north, west of Ambon and Seram islands. The island belongs to Ma ...

, which was normally a dependency of the rivalling Sultanate of Ternate. According to European sources, Islam was accepted by the North Malukan elite in about the 1460s-1470s. Ciri Leliatu's son Sultan

ruled when the Portuguese first visited Maluku in 1512, and met the remnants of the

Magellan expedition The Magellan expedition, also known as the Magellan–Elcano expedition, was the first voyage around the world in recorded history. It was a 16th century Spanish expedition initially led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan to the Moluccas ...

in 1521.

Under the reign of Sultan Saifuddin (1657-1689), the Sultanate of Tidore was an ally of the

Dutch East India Company The United East India Company ( nl, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, the VOC) was a chartered company established on the 20th March 1602 by the States General of the Netherlands amalgamating existing companies into the first joint-stock ...

(VOC), it was until the nineteenth Sultan of Tidore, Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin attacked the VOC in 1780. The last Sultan of Tidore was Zainal Abidin Syah who reigned from 1947 to 1967, during his reign the anti-feudalist movements led to the abolition of old monarchical institutions in 1949. List of Rulers: *Sah Jati (king olano on of Jafar Sadik*Busamuangi on*Suhu *Balibungah *Duku Madoya *Kie Matiti *Sele *Matagena * Jamaluddin, Ciri Leliatu (sultan) on*

Al-Mansur Abū Jaʿfar ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad al-Manṣūr (; ar, أبو جعفر عبد الله بن محمد المنصور‎; 95 AH – 158 AH/714 CE – 6 October 775 CE) usually known simply as by his laqab Al-Manṣūr (المنصور) w ...

(before 1512-1526) on* Amiruddin Iskandar Dul-Karna’in (1526-c. 1556) on*Kie Mansur (?-?) * Gaua, Iskandar Sani (?) (?-1560) *Kaicili Bungua (=Gapi Baguna?) (fl. 1564-1570) * Gapi Baguna (1560-1599) rother of Gaua* Mole Majimu (1599-1627) on of Gaua* Ngarolamo (1627-1634; died 1639) on*

Gorontalo Gorontalo ( Gorontaloan: ''Hulontalo'') is a province of Indonesia on the island of Sulawesi. Located on the Minahasa Peninsula, Gorontalo was formerly part of the province of North Sulawesi until its inauguration as a separate province on 5 D ...

(1634-1639) ephew of Mole Majimu*

Saidi A Ṣa‘īdī (, Coptic: ⲣⲉⲙⲣⲏⲥ ''Remris'') is a person from Upper Egypt (, Coptic: ⲙⲁⲣⲏⲥ ''Maris''). Etymology The word literally means "from Ṣa‘īd" (i.e. Upper Egypt), and can also refer to a form of music or ...

(1640-1657) on of Ngarolamo* Saifuddin, Golofino (1657-1687) on of Gorontalo*''Dutch protectorate 1657/1780-1905'' *Hamza Faharuddin (1689-1705) on*Abul Falalal Mansur (1705-1708) on*Hasanuddin (1708-1728) randson of Gorontalo*Amir Muiduddin Malikulmanan (1728-1757) on of Abdul Falahi Mansur*Amir Muhammad Masud Jamaluddin (1757-1779; died 1783) randson of Saifuddin*Gayjira (regent 1779-1780) randson of Hamza Faharuddin*Patra Alam (1780-1783) on*Hairul Alam Kamaluddin (1784-1797) reat-grandson of Saifuddin* Nuku, Muhammad al-Mabus Amiruddin Syah (1797-1805) on of Jamaluddin* Zainal Abidin (1805-1810)

*Muhammad Tahir (1811-1821)

*Al-Mansur Sirajuddin (1822-1856) on*Ahmad Saifuddin Alting (1856-1865) on of Kamaluddin*Said Ahmad Fathuddin Syah (1867-1892) on*Iskandar Sahajuhan (1893-1905) on*''Regency 1905-1947'' * Zainal Abidin Alting (1947-1967) escendant of Ahmad Saifuddin Alting*''Incorporation in Indonesian unitary state 1950'' * Haji Djafar Dano Junus (titular sultan 1999-2012) escendant of Nuku* Husain Syah (titular sultan 2014-) escendant of Ahmad Saifuddin Altingref>Katoppo, Elvianus (1957) ''Nuku, Sulthan Sadul Djehad Muhammad el Mabus Amirudin Sjah, Kaitjili Paparangan, Sulthan Tidore''. Kilatmadju Bina Budhaja; Widjojo, Muridan (2009) ''The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c. 1780-1810''. Leiden: Brill. The exact genealogy of the rulers before the mid-17th century is not known by the local historical tradition; for the known details, see Clercq, F.S.A. de (1890) ''Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate''. Leiden: Brill, p. 32

Robidé van der Aa, P.J.B.C. (1879) ''Reizen naar Nederlandsch Nieuw-Guinea''. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, p. 18-1

Bastian, Adolf (1894) ''Indonesien, oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipel''. Berlin: Dümmler, p. 6

References

{{reflist

Bibliography

* Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993) ''The world of Maluku''. Honolulu: Hawaii University Press. * Clercq, F.S.A. de (1890) ''Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate''. Leiden: Bril

* Fraassen, Christiaan van (1987) ''Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel''. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit the Leiden (PhD Thesis). * Jacobs, Hubert (1974-1984) ''Documenta Molucensia'', Vol. I-III. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institut

* Truhart, Peter (2003) ''Regents of nations. Part 3. Asia & Pacific Oceania''. München: Saur. * Valentijn, François (1724) ''Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën'', Vol. I. Amsterdam: Onder de Linden, p. 126-37

Maluku (province) People from Maluku Islands Maluku Maluku Islamic states in Indonesia Precolonial states of Indonesia Southeast Asian monarchs